Fair trading
This page contains different parts of laws about Fair trading, within the topic of Business.
Related Plain Language Law
Weights and Measures Act 1987
New Zealand uses metric units like kilograms and metres for measuring things
4: Metric standards of weights and measures
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Rules about using metric measurements for buying, selling, and making agreements
8: Obligations to use metric system of weights and measures
Weights and Measures Act 1987
When you can use different ways of measuring things instead of the metric system
9: Exceptions to obligations to use metric system of weights and measures
Weights and Measures Act 1987
You must use metric units when selling things in New Zealand
10: Obligation to use metric system in advertising goods for sale
Weights and Measures Act 1987
When you don't need to use metric measurements in ads for selling things
11: Exceptions to obligation to use metric weights and measures in advertising goods for sale
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Rules for selling things fairly: making sure you get what you pay for
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Breaking rules about weighing and measuring things can get you in trouble with the law
14: Offences
Weights and Measures Act 1987
It's against the law to give less than what someone paid for when selling things
16: Offence to supply short weight, measure, or number
Weights and Measures Act 1987
It's against the law to sell things with less inside than what the package says
16A: Offence to supply weight, measure, or number not in accordance with stated quantity
Weights and Measures Act 1987
It's wrong to lie about how much you're buying
17: Offence for purchaser to state incorrect weight, measure, or number
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Sellers must get a note about how much you're buying
18: Statement of true weight, etc, to be supplied to seller
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Weights and measures used for trading need a special approval stamp
21: Weights and measures to be stamped with mark of verification
Weights and Measures Act 1987
It's against the law to use or keep incorrect measuring tools for business
24: Offence to use or possess false or unjust weight or measure
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Inspectors can check shops and vehicles to make sure weights and measures are fair
28: Powers of Inspectors
Weights and Measures Act 1987
You might be responsible if your workers break weight and measure rules
31: Liability of principal for acts of agents, etc
Weights and Measures Act 1987
What happens if you break the weights and measures rules
33: Penalties
Weights and Measures Act 1987
The law assumes weights and measures at work are for trading
37: Presumption as to possession of weights, measures, etc, for use for trade
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Rules for fair and accurate weights and measures in New Zealand
41: Regulations
Weights and Measures Act 1987
Rules for checking if package contents match their labels
41A: Regulations for purposes of section 16A(3)
Weights and Measures Act 1987
List of old rules about weights and measures that were replaced by this new law
Schedule 3:
Weights and Measures Act 1987
This law explains how weights and measures keep buying and selling fair for everyone
1A: Purpose
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Helping you understand and trust money matters
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
What counts as a financial service in this law
5: Meaning of financial service
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
This part explains why we keep a list of money helpers and make sure they follow the rules
9: Purpose of this Part
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
You can only say you're a registered financial service provider if you really are
12: No holding out that in business of providing financial service unless registered and member of approved dispute resolution scheme
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
How the Registrar can check if you're following the rules for financial services
37: Registrar’s inspection powers
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
What an approved dispute resolution scheme is and how it works
50: Meaning of approved dispute resolution scheme
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Asking for approval to run a complaint-solving service
51: Application for approval
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Things the Minister must think about before saying yes to a new way of solving money problems
52: Mandatory considerations for approval
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
The Government tells a complaint-handling group they might lose their approval
57: Notice of intention to withdraw approval
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Rules for solving problems with financial service providers
63: Rules about approved dispute resolution scheme
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Rules for settling money arguments with financial companies
79: Regulations under this Part
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Working together and sharing important information when handling money complaints
67: Duty to co-operate and communicate information in certain circumstances
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
People who want fewer protections when getting money help
49A: Who are eligible investors
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
When someone says they're a big business customer, you need to check they really understand what that means
49B: Acceptance of certification
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Breaking the law if you don't follow a court order about solving problems with customers
49G: Offence to fail to comply with District Court order
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Money penalties for breaking rules about selling to businesses
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Money penalty for breaking wholesale certification rules
79A: Pecuniary order for contravening wholesale certification requirement
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Court can order payment for breaking wholesale certification rules
79B: Compensation for contravention of wholesale certification requirement
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
This law aims to make money-related activities safe, fair, and easy to understand for everyone
2A: Purposes of this Act
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
The FMA can stop people from registering as financial providers if it might mislead others
15A: Purpose of FMA's powers relating to registration
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Why the FMA can remove someone from the financial service providers list
18A: Purpose of FMA's powers relating to deregistration
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
When and how your registration as a financial service provider can be paused
22B: Suspension of registration
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
How the Commerce Commission can share information about some businesses
23: Information-sharing provisions between Registrar and Commission
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008
Tell the Commerce Commission if you think a mobile trader might be breaking credit laws
67A: Duty to communicate information about mobile traders
Trade Marks Act 2002
This law keeps other important rights the same
88: How Act affects other rights
Trade Marks Act 2002
It's okay to mention other brands in your ads to compare them with yours, as long as you're fair
94: No infringement for comparative advertising of registered trade mark
Trade Marks Act 2002
Company bosses can get in trouble if their company breaks the law
119: Liability of officers of body corporate
Trade Marks Act 2002
Police can check shops and stalls to make sure everything is okay
134D: Enforcement officer’s power of entry and examination without warrant
Local Government Act 2002
Rules that protect deals made with local councils, even if the council makes mistakes
117: Protected transactions
Local Government Act 2002
Don't use a local council's special symbol without asking first
234: Unauthorised use of coat of arms
Gambling Act 2003
Running sales promotions is allowed under the law
18: Sales promotion schemes authorised
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules about selling shares from purchase agreements no longer apply
CE 3: Restrictions on disposal of shares under share purchase agreements
Income Tax Act 2007
Delayed ownership for items bought on credit
EE 3: Ownership of goods subject to reservation of title
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules for changing how you calculate your foreign investment fund income
EX 62: Limits on changes of method
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules for fair pricing in financial transactions between connected parties
EZ 50: Rules for non-market transactions
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules for fair pricing between related companies to prevent tax avoidance
GB 2: Arrangements involving transfer pricing
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules to prevent unfair dealings in financial arrangements
GB 21: Dealing that defeats intention of financial arrangements rules
Income Tax Act 2007
Rules for fair payment in business deals and their tax implications
GC 8: Insufficient amount receivable by person
Income Tax Act 2007
Adjusting unfair deals between business partners to market value
GB 50: Arrangements involving partners and owners
Civil Aviation Act 1990
Rules for airlines working together on international flights
91: Application of Commerce Act 1986
Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Act 1990
No tobacco ads on non-tobacco goods or sponsored events
24: Use of trade marks, etc, on goods other than tobacco products, or in relation to sponsored events
Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Act 1990
No exclusive deals to sell regulated products at events
30: Sponsoring activity involving exclusive supply arrangement
Resource Management Act 1991
Some reasons you can't appeal under the Resource Management Act
308D: Limit on appealing under this Act
Electricity Industry Act 2010
Explaining important words and roles in electricity rules
5: Interpretation
Electricity Industry Act 2010
This part explains why you can't own both power plants and power lines
72: Purpose of this Part
Electricity Industry Act 2010
The Commerce Act 1986 still applies to this part of the law
91: Application of Commerce Act 1986
Electricity Industry Act 2010
Changes made to rules about business and trade
145: Amendments to Commerce Act 1986
Electricity Industry Act 2010
Allowed actions in the electricity industry that don't break competition rules
130: Specific authorisations for purposes of Commerce Act 1986
Electricity Industry Act 2010
Companies following electricity rules are treated as separate businesses under competition law
44D: Not interconnected under Commerce Act 1986
Food Act 2014
Breaking the law by advertising food wrongly
238: Offences involving publishing non-complying advertisement
Food Act 2014
What to do if you're in trouble for advertising food wrongly: saying it wasn't your fault
252: Defences in prosecution for advertising offence
Food Act 2014
What's on the label is what's inside, unless proven wrong
264: Presumption as to contents and label
Food Act 2014
When info seems to come from you electronically, it's assumed to be from you unless proven otherwise
267: Presumption as to electronic identification
Building Act 2004
This part doesn't change your rights as a shopper under other laws that protect you.
362C: Consumer rights under Fair Trading Act 1986 or Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 not affected by this Part
Building Act 2004
You can't give up your rights to complain about hidden problems when buying a building.
362K: Person may not give away benefit of warranties
Building Act 2004
Rules for Checking Building Products are Safe and Work Properly
272E: Product certification scheme rules
Building Act 2004
It's against the law to falsely claim a product has been approved or certified when it hasn't.
272H: Offence to misrepresent product certificate
Building Act 2004
You can get in big trouble for telling fibs about building stuff you're selling.
362VC: False or misleading representations in relation to building products
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
This part explains what important words mean in this law
2: Interpretation
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Promises sellers make about who owns the things they sell you
5: Guarantees as to title
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Products must work for what you want to use them for
8: Guarantees as to fitness for particular purpose
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Sellers must make sure what you buy matches how it was described
9: Guarantee that goods comply with description
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Makers must provide repairs and parts for a reasonable time
12: Guarantee as to repairs and spare parts
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Rules for promises made by companies who make things you buy
14: Provisions relating to manufacturers' express guarantees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Goods you get as part of a service still have to be good quality
15: Contracts of work and materials
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When a seller's product doesn't meet promises, you can ask them to fix it
16: Circumstances where consumers have right of redress against suppliers
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When goods are good enough, but someone said something extra that made them seem better
17: Exception in respect of guarantee as to acceptable quality
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What you can do if something you bought doesn't work properly
18: Options against suppliers where goods do not comply with guarantees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
The seller must fix problems with things you buy
19: Requirement to remedy
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Rules about when you can return things you bought that aren't right
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
You can't return goods if you don't follow the rules for returning them
20: Loss of right to reject goods
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When a product is really not what you expected or doesn't work properly
21: Failure of substantial character
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
How to tell a shop you don't want their stuff anymore
22: Manner of rejecting goods
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When something you bought is bad, you can choose to get your money back or get a new one
23: Consumers' options of refund or replacement
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
People who get gifts have the same rights as if they bought the item themselves
24: Rights of donees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you can ask the maker to fix or replace things they sold you that don't work properly
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
The right to seek help from makers when something you bought isn't good
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you can ask the maker of a product to fix problems with it
25: Circumstances where consumers have right of redress against manufacturers
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you can't ask the maker to fix a faulty product
26: Exceptions to right of redress against manufacturers
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What you can do if something you bought doesn't work properly
27: Options against manufacturers where goods do not comply with guarantees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Getting Things Done for You: Making Sure Services Are Good and Fair
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Services must be done carefully and properly
28: Guarantee as to reasonable care and skill
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Guarantee that a service will do what you ask for
29: Guarantee as to fitness for particular purpose
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Services must be finished on time
30: Guarantee as to time of completion
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
A fair price guarantee for services when the price isn't already set
31: Guarantee as to price
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What you can do if a service doesn't meet the promised quality
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What you can do if a service doesn't meet the promises made to you
32: Options of consumers where services do not comply with guarantees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you can't ask the supplier to fix a problem with a service
33: Exceptions to right of redress against supplier in relation to services
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Your rights when someone does work and provides materials
34: Contracts of work and materials
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you buy something with a small service included, you can't cancel just the service part
35: Application of right to cancel contract
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When a service you get has a really big problem
36: Failure of substantial character
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
How to properly cancel a service contract
37: Rules applying to cancellation
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What happens when you cancel a service contract
38: Effects of cancellation
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Courts and Tribunals can help make things fair when you cancel a service
39: Ancillary power of court or Disputes Tribunal to grant relief
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When this law doesn't work: gifts from friends and charity help
41: Exceptions
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When makers don't have to provide repairs and parts for things you buy
42: Exception in respect of repairs and parts
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
You must follow the Act's rules, except for some business deals
43: No contracting out except for business transactions
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you can stop someone who didn't make a deal with you from being responsible
43A: Exclusion of liability in favour of non-contracting supplier
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
How to get money back for faulty items bought on a payment plan
44: Assessment of damages in case of hire purchase agreements
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Who is responsible when promises are made about goods you buy
45: Liability for representations
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Who has to pay if there's a problem with something you bought
46: Liability of assignees and creditors
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When the Consumer Guarantees Act applies, different rules are used instead of the Sale of Goods Act
48: Exclusion where Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 applies
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Changes made to the rules about buying things on payments over time
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
This rule about consumer rights for hire purchases no longer exists
49: Exclusion where Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 applies
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
How a special fund for car dealers has changed
50: Application of Motor Vehicle Dealers Fidelity Guarantee Fund
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What the Disputes Tribunal can and can't decide
51: Jurisdiction of Disputes Tribunal
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
When you have a problem with a car, you can ask a special helper to solve it
52: Referral of certain disputes to Disputes Tribunal
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
This part explains how the law deals with people who take over others' rights
53: Assignees
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Changes to another law are saved and included in that law
54: Savings
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
These changes don't change how the Fair Trading Act and Consumer Guarantees Act work
55: Fair Trading Act 1986 and Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 not affected
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
This law doesn't work for stuff you bought or services you hired before it started
56: Application of Act
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
This law explains how to make buying and selling fair for everyone
1A: Purpose
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
What happens when you buy things using a special credit deal set up by the seller
23A: Goods subject to collateral credit agreement
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Rules for cancelling a service you bought with a special payment plan
39A: Services subject to collateral credit agreement
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Goods must be delivered on time or you can ask for help
5A: Guarantee as to delivery
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
How section 7A works with the rest of the Consumer Guarantees Act
7B: Relationship of section 7A with rest of Act
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
Gas and electricity sellers can get money back from pipe and line owners if there are problems
46A: Indemnification of gas and electricity retailers
Biosecurity Act 1993
Rules for people who run ports to be fair and honest with users
37C: Port operators
Companies Act 1993
Companies can issue loans that may never be repaid
95A: Perpetual debentures
Companies Act 1993
Reissuing or replacing company debentures that have been paid off
95B: Power to reissue redeemed debentures in certain cases
Companies Act 1993
Court can order you to follow through on agreements to lend money to companies
95C: Specific performance of contracts to subscribe for debentures
Companies Act 1993
Settling share price disputes through independent arbitration
112A: Price for shares referred to arbitration if shareholder objects to price
Companies Act 1993
You might get extra money if your share payment is late
112B: Interest payable on outstanding payments
Companies Act 1993
When a company buys your shares and how it affects your shareholder rights
112C: Timing of transfer of shares
Companies Act 1993
How companies must publicly announce important information
3: Public notice
Companies Act 1993
How to check if a company can pay its bills and is worth more than it owes
4: Meaning of solvency test
Companies Act 1993
What it means for companies to own or control other companies
5: Meaning of holding company and subsidiary
Companies Act 1993
This section about what counts as a subsidiary company has been removed from the law
6: Extended meaning of subsidiary
Companies Act 1993
The Companies Act applies to everyone, including the government
9: Act binds the Crown
Companies Act 1993
Companies have broad powers but must follow legal and constitutional limits
16: Capacity and powers
Companies Act 1993
Company actions remain valid even if they exceed company powers
17: Validity of actions
Companies Act 1993
How companies deal with outside people and what you can trust
18: Dealings between company and other persons
Companies Act 1993
Public availability of company documents doesn't mean you're expected to know their contents
19: No constructive notice
Companies Act 1993
Rules for how companies must use their name in documents and communications
25: Use of company name
Companies Act 1993
How a company's constitution interacts with the Companies Act
27: Effect of Act on company having constitution
Companies Act 1993
Companies without a constitution are governed by the Companies Act
28: Effect of Act on company not having constitution
Companies Act 1993
How a company's constitution relates to the Companies Act 1993
31: Effect of constitution
Companies Act 1993
What you can do and get as a shareholder
36: Rights and powers attaching to shares
Companies Act 1993
Companies can issue different types of shares with varying rights and features
37: Types of shares
Companies Act 1993
Shares can be transferred unless the company's rules say otherwise
39: Transferability of shares
Companies Act 1993
Company boards can issue shares as they see fit, following legal and company rules
42: Issue of other shares
Companies Act 1993
Company boards can issue new shares if shareholders approve changes to company rules
44: Shareholder approval for issue of shares
Companies Act 1993
Existing shareholders get first chance to buy new shares
45: Pre-emptive rights
Companies Act 1993
Board decides share price and terms for new or existing shares
47: Consideration to be decided by board
Companies Act 1993
When you can issue shares without following the usual rules
48: Exceptions to section 47
Companies Act 1993
Rules for issuing share options and convertible products
49: Consideration in relation to issue of options and convertible financial products
Companies Act 1993
Shares that create new debts need your written consent before they're issued
50: Consent to issue of shares
Companies Act 1993
Company directors can approve sharing profits with shareholders if the company can still pay its bills
52: Board may authorise distributions
Companies Act 1993
Getting company shares instead of cash dividends
54: Shares in lieu of dividends
Companies Act 1993
Rules for offering special deals to company owners
55: Shareholder discounts
Companies Act 1993
Getting back money or assets given to shareholders when the company couldn't afford it
56: Recovery of distributions
Companies Act 1993
Rules for reducing what shareholders owe for their shares
57: Reduction of shareholder liability a distribution
Companies Act 1993
A company can purchase its own shares if it follows specific legal requirements
58: Company may acquire its own shares
Companies Act 1993
Company's rules for buying its own shares
59: Acquisition of company's own shares
Companies Act 1993
Company board can offer to buy shares from shareholders
60: Board may make offer to acquire shares
Companies Act 1993
Rules for companies buying back their own shares
61: Special offers to acquire shares
Companies Act 1993
Document explaining the company's plan to buy its own shares
62: Disclosure document
Companies Act 1993
Companies must notify shareholders before buying their own shares on the stock exchange
63: Stock exchange acquisitions subject to prior notice to shareholders
Companies Act 1993
Company must provide information about its plan to buy its own shares
64: Disclosure document
Companies Act 1993
Companies can buy shares on the stock exchange without telling shareholders first
65: Stock exchange acquisitions not subject to prior notice to shareholders
Companies Act 1993
What happens to shares when a company buys them back
66: Cancellation of shares repurchased
Companies Act 1993
When a company can be made to buy back its shares
67: Enforceability of contract to repurchase shares
Companies Act 1993
Companies can keep their own shares if their rules allow it
67A: Company may hold its own shares
Companies Act 1993
Company-owned shares have no voting rights or financial benefits
67B: Rights and obligations of shares company holds in itself suspended
Companies Act 1993
Rules for a company selling its own shares
67C: Reissue of shares company holds in itself
Companies Act 1993
Company can buy back its own shares under specific conditions
69: Redemption at option of company
Companies Act 1993
A company must be able to pay its debts after buying back its own shares
70: Company must satisfy solvency test
Companies Act 1993
Buying back shares from shareholders under specific conditions
71: Special redemption of shares
Companies Act 1993
Document explaining share redemption process and rules
72: Disclosure document
Companies Act 1993
What happens when a company buys back its own shares
73: Cancellation of shares redeemed
Companies Act 1993
How shareholders can ask the company to buy back their redeemable shares
74: Redemption at option of shareholder
Companies Act 1993
Shares redeemable on a set date: What happens when a company buys them back
75: Redemption on fixed date
Companies Act 1993
Rules for companies helping someone buy their shares
76: Financial assistance
Companies Act 1993
A company must ensure it can pay its bills before helping someone buy its shares
77: Company must satisfy solvency test
Companies Act 1993
Rules for companies providing financial assistance to purchase their own shares
78: Special financial assistance
Companies Act 1993
A report explaining how a company is helping someone buy its shares
79: Disclosure document
Companies Act 1993
Company can give small financial help for share purchases if conditions met
80: Financial assistance not exceeding 5% of shareholders' funds
Companies Act 1993
How transactions can still be valid even if company rules aren't followed
81: Enforceability of transactions
Companies Act 1993
A company cannot own shares in a company that owns it
82: Subsidiary may not hold shares in holding company
Companies Act 1993
A document that tells you what you can do as someone who owns part of a company
Companies Act 1993
Shareholders can request a summary of their share details and rights
83: Statement of rights to be given to shareholders
Companies Act 1993
Rules for transferring company shares through an approved system
85: Transfer of shares under approved system
Companies Act 1993
How shares can change hands automatically due to legal requirements
86: Transfer of shares by operation of law
Companies Act 1993
The share register proves legal ownership of shares, with some exceptions
89: Share register as evidence of legal title
Companies Act 1993
Directors must ensure the company's share register is accurate and up to date
90: Directors' duty to supervise share register
Companies Act 1993
Court can correct mistakes in share register and compensate affected parties
91: Power of court to rectify share register
Companies Act 1993
The share register must not include any information about trusts
92: Trusts not to be entered on register
Companies Act 1993
When you're bankrupt, someone else can be registered as the owner of your shares
94: Assignee of bankrupt may be registered
Companies Act 1993
Shareholders' financial responsibilities to the company are limited
97: Liability of shareholders
Companies Act 1993
Former shareholders may still owe money to the company in certain situations
98: Liability of former shareholders
Companies Act 1993
Rules about owing money to a company for current and former shareholders
99: Additional provisions relating to liability of shareholders and former shareholders
Companies Act 1993
Shareholders' responsibilities for unpaid amounts on shares
100: Liability for calls
Companies Act 1993
Company rule changes can't force you to buy more shares
101: Shareholders not required to acquire shares by alteration to constitution
Companies Act 1993
When a personal representative holds shares for a deceased person's estate, their liability is limited
102: Liability of personal representative
Companies Act 1993
Assignee's limited responsibility for bankrupt shareholder's unpaid shares
103: Liability of an assignee
Companies Act 1993
How shareholders can use their special company powers
104: Exercise of powers reserved to shareholders
Companies Act 1993
How shareholders make decisions by ordinary resolution
105: Exercise of powers by ordinary resolution
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
This Act creates a new group to watch over money matters in New Zealand
3: Purpose of this Act
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Understanding key terms in the Financial Markets Authority Act
4: Interpretation
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
New government team created to watch over money matters
6: Financial Markets Authority established
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The Financial Markets Authority (FMA) helps make sure money markets are fair and safe for everyone
9: FMA's functions
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA board can have special helpers chosen by the Minister
11: Associate members
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules about different parts of the Financial Markets Authority
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA can split up its work into different teams
14: FMA may act by divisions
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for setting up and running groups within the Financial Markets Authority
15: Membership, chairperson, meetings, and resolutions of division
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA can use smaller groups to make decisions and do tasks
16: Powers of division
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
What happens if someone can't make it to an important FMA meeting?
18: Completion of proceedings where member unable to attend meeting
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Minister can ask FMA to check and write about money markets
20: Minister may request that FMA inquire and report
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA and its people can't be sued for doing their job unless they were really careless
22: Protection from liability for FMA and members and employees
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA can share information safely while doing its job
23: FMA's warnings, reports, guidelines, or comments protected by qualified privilege
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
How the FMA proves its decisions in court
24: Evidence of orders and decisions of FMA
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
How the FMA can gather information and enforce rules to keep financial markets fair
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The authority can ask for and collect important information and proof.
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can ask you for information, papers, or to talk to them
25: FMA may require person to supply information, produce documents, or give evidence
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA can collect different types of information to help make decisions
26: Powers of FMA to receive evidence
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA might pay you if you're a witness, but not too much
28: Witnesses' expenses
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can allow searches of places and things to find proof of broken financial rules
29: Power to enter and search place, vehicle, or other thing
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA can share information and documents with other agencies that enforce laws or regulate things, including those in other countries.
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can share information with other agencies to help everyone do their job better
30: Sharing of information and documents with law enforcement or regulatory agencies and overseas regulators
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The ability to help when regulators from other countries ask for assistance
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can help overseas regulators by gathering and sharing information
31: Power of FMA to act on requests of overseas regulators
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA carefully considers requests from overseas before deciding to help
32: FMA's consideration of requests
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules about collecting information and making sure people follow the law
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for sharing FMA information with other groups
33: Conditions that may be imposed on providing information, documents, or evidence to other agencies or regulators
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can take legal action for someone else to protect the public
34: FMA may exercise person’s right of action
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for when the FMA can start or take over a legal case for someone else
35: Requirements for FMA exercising person’s right of action
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The court can let the FMA take over some legal cases if it's best for everyone
36: High Court may grant leave in certain circumstances
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Steps the FMA must follow to take action for someone else
37: Procedural requirements for leave to exercise person’s right of action
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Court helps FMA in legal cases about money matters
38: Powers of High Court for proceedings exercising person’s right of action
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can act for a group of people with similar concerns in court
39: Representative actions
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can keep certain information secret during their work
44: Power to make confidentiality orders
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
You can share secret information if the FMA says it's okay
45: Publication or disclosure with FMA's consent
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can accept written promises from people or companies about their work
46: FMA may accept undertakings
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Keeping promises made to the FMA and what happens if you don't
47: Enforcement of undertakings
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Asking the High Court for its opinion on a legal matter
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can ask the High Court for help with tricky legal questions
48: FMA may state case for opinion of High Court
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can make people share its money warnings
49: FMA may require its warning to be disclosed
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can let others collect information for them
52: Power to authorise person to obtain information or documents
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for people allowed to get special information for the FMA
53: Requirements for persons authorised to obtain information or documents
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
People working for the FMA won't get in trouble for doing their job
55: Protection from liability for persons exercising powers
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Powers to gather information and protect certain rights
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
What happens when legal actions are going on while powers are being used
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Other ways people can break the rules when the FMA is gathering information or making sure the rules are followed
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
You can get in trouble if you don't cooperate with the Financial Markets Authority
61: Criminal liability for obstructing exercise of powers
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for sending official notices from the Financial Markets Authority
62: Notices
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
How to send and receive important legal messages
63: Service of notices
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA can use its powers from this law and other laws too
64: Powers not limited
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA people can't share work secrets in court, with some exceptions
65: Limitation on disclosure of information obtained in FMA's operations
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
People and companies in finance pay money to help run the FMA
68: Levy of financial markets participants and other persons registered or incorporated under Acts referred to in Schedule 1
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
FMA must talk to people before asking for money
69: FMA must consult about request for appropriation
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Words and their meanings in this part of the law
70: Interpretation
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Getting rid of a group that watched over money matters
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The old Securities Commission has been replaced by a new Financial Markets Authority
71: Securities Commission disestablished
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
What happens when the Securities Commission is replaced by the Financial Markets Authority
72: Consequences of disestablishment
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Replacing 'Commission' with 'FMA' in old documents
73: References to Securities Commission
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
This law explains what happens when the Securities Commission closes and the Financial Markets Authority takes over
75: Effect of Act
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules about Ministry workers getting new jobs at the Financial Markets Authority
81: Ministry of Economic Development employees
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
This law changes other laws to keep everything up to date
82: Amendments to other enactments
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Changes to laws and rules when the Securities Commission became the Financial Markets Authority
84: Amendments consequential on replacement of Commission by FMA
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Changes to laws and rules: replacing 'Government Actuary' with 'FMA'
85: Amendments consequential on replacement of Government Actuary by FMA
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Laws that help keep money and financial services safe in New Zealand
Schedule 1: Financial markets legislation
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Changes to other laws and rules because of the new money watchdog law
Schedule 3: Amendments to other enactments
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Changes to laws: replacing old names with Financial Markets Authority
Schedule 4: Amendments to replace references to Securities Commission or Government Actuary
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA aims to make financial markets fair and easy for everyone
8: FMA's main objective
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA must talk to you about legal actions they take about you, unless it makes things too difficult for them
40: FMA must consult person A
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Legal time limits for FMA start when they ask permission to sue
42: Special limitation provision
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for handling old and new financial market issues
43: Transitional provisions
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
The FMA must tell people when they make, change, or cancel rules
50: FMA must give notice of orders
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Breaking the law by not following FMA orders
51: Offence of failing to comply with order
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
When and how you can share special information from section 25
54: Non-disclosure of information or documents from exercise of powers under section 25 except in certain circumstances
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Keeping secrets safe: How the FMA protects important information
59: Confidentiality of information and documents
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for sharing information: How the FMA protects privacy when giving out details
60: Conditions relating to publication or disclosure of information or documents
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules for changing how unit trusts work when the new law starts
83: Transitional provisions relating to consequential amendments to Unit Trusts Act 1960
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
What happens if a court says the FMA used its powers wrongly
58: Effect of final decision that exercise of powers under section 25 unlawful
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Rules about paying the Financial Markets Authority for its work
67: Regulations relating to fees, charges, and costs
Financial Markets Authority Act 2011
Promises to fix mistakes in finance can include paying people back or paying fines
46A: Undertaking may include requirements as to compensation or penalties
Crimes Act 1961
It's against the law to give money or gifts to officials from other countries to get business deals or special treatment.
105C: Bribery of foreign public official
Crimes Act 1961
It's against the law for New Zealanders to bribe officials from other countries, even when they're not in New Zealand.
105D: Bribery outside New Zealand of foreign public official
Crimes Act 1961
It's against the law to steal or copy secret business information for personal gain or to harm others.
230: Taking, obtaining, or copying trade secrets
Crimes Act 1961
Lying to trick people into giving money or buying things for a company is against the law.
242: False statement by promoter, etc
Crimes Act 1961
It's against the law to copy or fake marks that show something has been checked for quality.
265: Imitating authorised or customary marks
Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012
Don't encourage people to drink too much alcohol
237: Irresponsible promotion of alcohol
Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012
Rules for selling alcohol in one area of a shop or venue
114: Effect of single-area conditions
Auctioneers Act 2013
Who is not allowed to be an auctioneer
6: Disqualification from registration
Employment Relations Act 2000
This law aims to create fair and positive work relationships by encouraging good behaviour between workers and bosses.
3: Object of this Act
Employment Relations Act 2000
People at work should be honest, kind, and helpful to each other, like good friends.
4: Parties to employment relationship to deal with each other in good faith
Employment Relations Act 2000
Talking about work rules. It's about being fair when making deals.
Employment Relations Act 2000
This part explains the rules for fair teamwork when workers and bosses make agreements together.
31: Object of this Part
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules for unions and employers to work together nicely when making agreements about jobs
32: Good faith in bargaining for collective agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules for asking for and sharing information when workers and bosses talk about job agreements
34: Providing information in bargaining for collective agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules for fair and honest bargaining between workers and bosses
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules that help people be fair and honest when talking about jobs and work
35: Codes of good faith
Employment Relations Act 2000
The court can look at rules about being fair when deciding if workers and bosses were nice to each other while making deals.
39: Authority or court may have regard to code of good faith
Employment Relations Act 2000
A union or employer starts talks for a group work agreement by sending a special letter to the other side.
42: How bargaining initiated
Employment Relations Act 2000
When workers need to vote on joining a group deal their boss wants
47: When secret ballots required after employer initiates bargaining for single collective agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
New groups can join ongoing talks if they follow the rules and get permission from those already talking.
49: Parties joining bargaining after it begins
Employment Relations Act 2000
When different unions want to bargain for the same type of work, the boss can ask them to join together and make one big agreement.
50: Consolidation of bargaining
Employment Relations Act 2000
Ideas shared during talks don't have to be followed after the talks end, unless everyone agrees to keep them.
50G: Proposals made or positions reached during facilitation
Employment Relations Act 2000
The Authority can suggest ways to help people agree on work rules, but everyone still gets to choose what they want to do.
50H: Recommendation by Authority
Employment Relations Act 2000
Everyone must be honest and fair when talking to the helper during work discussions.
50I: Party must deal with Authority in good faith
Employment Relations Act 2000
The law allows a judge to decide what goes in a work agreement if someone keeps being really unfair during talks about it.
50J: Remedy for serious and sustained breach of duty of good faith in section 4 in relation to collective bargaining
Employment Relations Act 2000
A worker who leaves their union but keeps their job can't join a new agreement for a while.
58: Employee who resigns as member of union but does not resign as employee
Employment Relations Act 2000
Doing things that weaken group negotiations or agreements between workers and employers
Employment Relations Act 2000
This explains what it means when people agree on something during talks about work rules.
59A: Interpretation
Employment Relations Act 2000
Employers can't use parts of group agreements in individual contracts if it weakens group bargaining power.
59B: Breach of duty of good faith to pass on, in certain circumstances, in individual employment agreement terms and conditions agreed in collective bargaining or in collective agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
An employer can get in trouble for copying parts of other agreements if it hurts those agreements or negotiations.
59C: Breach of duty of good faith to pass on, in certain circumstances, in collective agreement provisions agreed in other collective bargaining or another collective agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
Workers can add extra rules to their job contract if everyone agrees and it doesn't go against the group deal.
61: Employee bound by applicable collective agreement may agree to additional terms and conditions of employment
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules for employers when discussing job terms with workers or future workers
63A: Bargaining for individual employment agreement or individual terms and conditions in employment agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
Your job can take money from your pay for union fees if you say it's okay.
65A: Deduction of union fees
Employment Relations Act 2000
Workers can talk with their boss about other options before deciding to move to a new company
69H: Employee bargaining for alternative arrangements
Employment Relations Act 2000
The law says a special group can help decide what workers get if they lose their job because of big changes at work.
69O: Authority may investigate bargaining and determine redundancy entitlements
Employment Relations Act 2000
This law explains how to share information about workers who choose to switch to a new boss when their job changes.
69OA: Object of this subpart
Employment Relations Act 2000
You can ask for information about how much it costs to move workers when a business changes hands.
69OC: Disclosure of employee transfer costs information
Employment Relations Act 2000
This part of the law aims to protect workers when their job changes to a new company by making sure their old boss talks to the new one about keeping them employed.
69OH: Object of this subpart
Employment Relations Act 2000
This explains what words mean when talking about workers paying unions for help with job deals.
69P: Interpretation
Employment Relations Act 2000
The boss and union must agree on a fee, then workers vote secretly to approve it.
69Q: Bargaining fee clause does not come into force unless agreed to first by employer and union and then by secret ballot
Employment Relations Act 2000
If a bargaining fee is agreed upon, the boss must tell workers about it and explain how it affects their job and pay.
69R: Employer to notify employees if bargaining fee clause agreed to
Employment Relations Act 2000
Non-union workers covered by a collective agreement must pay a bargaining fee if they meet certain conditions.
69S: Which employees bargaining fee clause applies to
Employment Relations Act 2000
The employer must take money from the worker's pay and give it to the union if there's a special agreement.
69T: Bargaining fee clause binding on employer and employee
Employment Relations Act 2000
The fee for bargaining help can't be more than what union members pay.
69U: Amount of bargaining fee
Employment Relations Act 2000
The bargaining fee rule stops working when the work agreement it's part of ends.
69V: Expiry of bargaining fee clause
Employment Relations Act 2000
A rule that lets unions charge non-members a fee for bargaining is allowed and overrules some other laws.
69W: Validity of bargaining fee clause
Employment Relations Act 2000
This section explains the meaning of important words used in the rules about learning about work relationships.
71: Interpretation
Employment Relations Act 2000
What happens if you break the rules of your work agreement
134: Penalties for breach of employment agreement
Employment Relations Act 2000
A group that helps solve problems between workers and bosses
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules about contracts also apply to employment agreements between you and your employer
162: Application of law relating to contracts
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules that help people switch from the old way of doing things to the new way
Employment Relations Act 2000
You can't ask for help if you haven't been fair in the talks.
50KA: Declaration or determination under section 50K not to be made if breach of duty of good faith by party seeking declaration
Employment Relations Act 2000
If workers do a small strike, the boss can take away some of their pay.
95B: Employer may make specified pay deductions in relation to partial strike
Employment Relations Act 2000
The boss must give workers information about money taken from their pay if they ask for it.
95G: Employer must respond to request for information about specified pay deduction
Employment Relations Act 2000
Explaining what information companies need to share when jobs change hands
69CD: Provision of information for purposes of giving warranty
Employment Relations Act 2000
If your old boss breaks the rules, you still keep your rights and your new boss still has to follow the rules.
69FA: Employer's breach of obligations not to affect employee's rights and new employer's obligations
Employment Relations Act 2000
The old boss promises not to make bad changes to workers' jobs before they move to a new boss.
69LC: Implied warranty by employer of transferring employees
Employment Relations Act 2000
This part explains what it means when workers partly stop working and how their pay might be cut.
95A: Meaning of partial strike and specified pay deduction
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules about taking money from workers' pay during a partial strike
Employment Relations Act 2000
This explains how you and your boss decide when you'll work and for how long.
67C: Agreed hours of work
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules about when your boss can stop you from working other jobs
67H: Secondary employment provisions
Employment Relations Act 2000
This part explains how the law helps make sure workers get paid fairly by giving inspectors more ways to stop and punish bosses who break the rules.
142A: Object of this Part
Employment Relations Act 2000
The court decides how much money someone has to pay as a punishment for breaking the rules.
142G: Maximum amount of pecuniary penalty
Employment Relations Act 2000
A company or boss can be held responsible for what their workers think or do while working for them.
142Z: State of mind of directors, employees, or agents attributed to body corporate or other principal
Employment Relations Act 2000
A company or boss can be held responsible for what their workers or helpers do when acting for them.
142ZA: Conduct of directors, employees, or agents attributed to body corporate or other principal
Employment Relations Act 2000
Ways a person can defend themselves if they break rules about paying workers fairly
142ZC: Defences for person in breach
Employment Relations Act 2000
People who help others break the law can defend themselves if they trusted wrong information or tried hard to follow the rules.
142ZD: Defences for person involved in breach
Employment Relations Act 2000
Rules about what information employers must share with unions
Employment Relations Act 2000
After 30 days, non-union workers and their bosses can change their work agreements if they both agree.
63: Terms and conditions of employment of employee who is not member of union after expiry of 30-day period
Official Information Act 1982
When the government doesn't share business information to keep it fair for companies
8: Special reasons for withholding official information related to competitive commercial activities
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This law's name is the Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
1: Title
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This law explains different types of agreements and business matters in simple terms
5: Overview of this Act
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules for switching to the new law and keeping important old rules
6: Transitional, savings, and related provisions
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Examples help explain the law but aren't the law itself
7: Status of examples
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The government must follow most of this law, with a few exceptions
8: Act binds the Crown
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules about making and keeping promises: How we agree and what happens when things go wrong
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Explaining important words used in this part of the law
9: Interpretation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This part explains how you can benefit from promises made in legal documents even if you didn't sign them
10: Purpose
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Explaining special words used in this part of the law
11: Interpretation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Promises made in contracts can help people who didn't sign them
12: Deed or contract for benefit of person who is not party to deed or contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Section 12 doesn't work if the contract wasn't meant to give someone special rights
13: Section 12 does not apply if no intention to create obligation enforceable by beneficiary
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You might need permission to change or cancel a promise made to someone else
14: Variation or discharge of promise may require beneficiary’s consent
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Changing or ending promises: when everyone agrees or when it's allowed
15: Variation or discharge by agreement or in accordance with express provision
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can allow changes or cancellations to promises or duties
16: Court may authorise variation or discharge
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
How you can make someone keep a promise they made about you in a contract
17: Enforcement by beneficiary
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The person being sued can defend themselves just like they would against the original person they made a promise to
18: Availability of defences
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This part of New Zealand law doesn't apply to agreements made using other countries' rules
19: This subpart does not apply to promises, contracts, or deeds governed by foreign law
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This law keeps other rules about contracts and doesn't change them
20: Savings
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This part explains how courts can help fix mistakes in contracts
21: Purpose of this subpart
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This section sets new rules for contract mistakes
22: This subpart to be code
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What words mean and how we use them in this part of the law
23: Interpretation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can help if you made a mistake when agreeing to a contract
24: Relief may be granted if mistake by one party is known to another party or is common or mutual
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
A mistake in understanding a contract's meaning is not the same as other contract mistakes
25: Mistake does not include mistake in interpretation of contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can't claim a mistake if you knew about it before signing the contract
26: Decision to enter into contract not influenced by mistake if party aware of it
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
When you make a mistake in a contract, the court looks at how much it was your fault
27: Mistake caused by party seeking relief
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Explaining how a court can fix problems with contracts
28: Nature of relief
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can help people connected to someone in a contract
29: Court may grant relief to person claiming through or under party
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This law protects innocent buyers when someone else made a mistake
31: Rights of third persons not affected
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules for foreign contracts don't follow this part of NZ law
32: This subpart does not apply to contracts governed by foreign law
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What it means to cancel a contract
33: Meaning of cancel
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
A contract's own rules for fixing problems come first
34: Remedy provided in contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What happens if someone lies or misleads you in a contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
When someone lies to you about a deal, you can get money back
35: Damages for misrepresentation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can end a deal if someone else shows they won't do their part
36: Party may cancel contract if another party repudiates it
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can stop a deal if someone fooled you or breaks the rules
37: Party may cancel contract if induced to enter into it by misrepresentation or if term is or will be breached
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can't change your mind about a contract once you've said it's okay
38: No cancellation if contract is affirmed
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court decides if you can cancel a contract when someone else misbehaves
39: Parties with substantially same interest
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
New rules replace old ones for cancelling contracts
40: Sections 36 to 39 have effect in place of rules of common law and of equity
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Cancelling a contract: When it starts to count
41: When cancellation may take effect
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What happens when you cancel a contract
42: Effect of cancellation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
How a court can help when there's a problem with a contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court can make things fair when someone ends a contract
43: Power of court to grant relief
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can add rules when giving relief, but can't stop people from asking for money for damages
44: Order for relief may be subject to terms and conditions
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Things the court thinks about when making decisions about contracts
45: Matters court must have regard to
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Protecting honest buyers who pay fair prices for property
46: Protection of purchaser of property in good faith and for valuable consideration
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
If you change things after a contract, the court might not be able to help you
47: Party who has altered position
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Who can ask for help with contract problems
48: Persons who may apply
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
When someone breaks a contract, you can ask for money to make things fair
49: Recovery of damages
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules that try to stop courts from looking into things
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What someone says or promises before making a deal can still matter
50: Statement, promise, or undertaking during negotiations
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can check if someone had permission to make promises for others, even if a contract says they can't
51: Authority for making or giving statement, promise, or undertaking
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules to protect you when buying things
52: Contracts for sale of goods
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The Disputes Tribunal can still use its special powers when you take a case to them
53: Proceeding before Disputes Tribunal
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What happens when someone gives you their contract rights and duties
54: Remedies enforceable by or against assignee
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can't be charged more than what you'd get from a contract someone gave you
55: Damages may not exceed value of performance of assigned contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The person giving you a contract must pay for mistakes they made or information they didn't share
56: Assignee indemnified by assignor
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules to know when you take over someone else's contract
57: Other provisions relating to assignees
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules for foreign contracts don't follow this part of NZ law
58: This subpart does not apply to contracts governed by foreign law
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This part keeps important contract rules the same as before
59: Savings
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
This part explains when you don't have to follow a contract anymore because it's too hard or impossible
60: Application
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You can get back money you already paid and don't have to pay money you owed when a contract ends
61: Money paid may be recovered and money payable ceases to be payable
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can let you keep or get back money you spent on an unfinished job
62: Court may allow party who has incurred expenses to retain or recover money
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
You might have to pay back money if you got something valuable from an agreement that ended early
63: Sum may be recovered if party has obtained valuable benefit
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can treat a benefit given to someone else as if it was given to you
64: Benefit may be treated as being obtained
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can count extra costs when deciding how much money was spent on a contract
65: Estimates of expenses
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Insurance money and frustrated contracts: When it counts and when it doesn't
66: Money payable under contract of insurance
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court must follow special rules in your contract when things go wrong
67: Court must give effect to provision in contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can split contracts into finished and unfinished parts when something goes wrong
68: Court must treat performed part of contract that can be properly severed as separate contract
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Sometimes this part of the law doesn't count for certain agreements
69: This subpart does not apply in certain circumstances
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Words used in this law and what they mean
70: Interpretation
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
What makes a contract illegal?
71: Illegal contract defined
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contracts stay legal even if they break rules, unless the rules say otherwise
72: Breach of enactment
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Contracts that break the law don't count and can't be used
73: Illegal contracts have no effect
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Protection for innocent people who receive property from illegal contracts
74: Protection of persons who acquire property in good faith and without notice
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court can help you if you're in a tricky situation with an illegal contract
75: Who may be granted relief
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court can help make things fair when there's a problem with a contract
76: Court may grant relief
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court can add rules when it helps someone in a contract
77: Order may be subject to terms and conditions
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Court can't help if it's not good for everyone
79: Court must not grant relief if not in public interest
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
The court can still help you if you made a mistake, even if you knew it was wrong
80: Person acting with knowledge of facts or law giving rise to illegality
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Who can ask the court for help with a contract
81: Persons who may apply
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can only help with illegal contracts in ways this law allows
82: Restriction on granting relief otherwise than in accordance with this subpart
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Rules about agreements that limit competition in business
Contract and Commercial Law Act 2017
Courts can change or remove unfair rules in contracts
83: Restraints of trade
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules about being honest when sending things to China
51: Application of Act to goods that are, or may be, exported to China
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for charity fund-raisers about sharing information when asking for money
28A: Regulations relating to disclosure by fund-raisers making requests for charitable purposes
Fair Trading Act 1986
Why the law helps regulators from other countries
48B: Purpose of sections 48C to 48O (which relate to assistance to overseas regulators)
Fair Trading Act 1986
Explaining important words used in the Fair Trading Act about working with other countries
48C: Definitions of terms used in sections 48B to 48O
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules about sharing information that was forced from someone with other countries
48D: Restrictions on providing compulsorily acquired information and investigative assistance
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for how New Zealand can work with other countries to help keep things fair
48E: Government-to-government co-operation arrangements
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for the Commission working with overseas regulators
48F: Regulator-to-regulator co-operation arrangements
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for agreements between organisations in different countries
48G: Content of co-operation arrangements
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for fair trading bosses to work with friends from other countries
48H: Procedures relating to co-operation arrangements
Fair Trading Act 1986
Helping other countries' fair trading regulators with information and investigations
48I: Providing compulsorily acquired information and investigative assistance
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for sharing information and helping overseas regulators
48J: Conditions on providing compulsorily acquired information and investigative assistance
Fair Trading Act 1986
Letting people know when their information is shared with overseas regulators
48K: Notice to persons affected by provision of information
Fair Trading Act 1986
The Commission must make a yearly report about working with overseas regulators
48L: Reporting on use of co-operation arrangements
Fair Trading Act 1986
The Commission can share certain information with overseas regulators
48M: Sharing of non-compulsorily acquired information not affected
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can choose to share your information with other countries
48N: Information provided by consent
Fair Trading Act 1986
Privacy rules for shared information between regulators
48O: Maintenance of privilege
Fair Trading Act 1986
This law makes sure trading is fair for everyone in New Zealand
1A: Purpose
Fair Trading Act 1986
Sellers can't trick buyers by pretending to bid on their own items at auctions
14A: When vendor bids are misrepresentations
Fair Trading Act 1986
The Minister can make, change, or cancel rules to help keep products safe
30A: Product safety policy statements
Fair Trading Act 1986
The government checks if safety rules for products are still good every five years
30B: Review of product safety policy statements
Fair Trading Act 1986
When companies choose to take back unsafe products, they must tell the government quickly
31A: Voluntary product recall
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for choosing people to check if things are safe to use
33A: Appointment of product safety officers
Fair Trading Act 1986
Proof of job for product safety officers
33B: Certificates of appointment
Fair Trading Act 1986
Product safety officers can check places for unsafe goods
33C: Powers of product safety officers
Fair Trading Act 1986
Stopping the sale of possibly dangerous goods to keep people safe
33D: Suspension of supply notices
Fair Trading Act 1986
How to ask for help if someone breaks the rules in trading
43A: Application for order under section 43
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for which courts can make orders based on how much money is involved
43B: Limits on jurisdiction of District Court and Disputes Tribunal to make orders under section 43
Fair Trading Act 1986
The government can agree to promises people make about following the rules
46A: Commission may accept undertakings
Fair Trading Act 1986
How the Commerce Commission can make you keep your promises
46B: Enforcement of undertakings
Fair Trading Act 1986
Courts can stop people from managing businesses if they break fair trading rules
46C: Management banning orders
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for stopping someone from running a business
46D: Terms of management banning orders
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can get in trouble if you don't follow a special rule made just for you
46E: Offence to breach management banning order
Fair Trading Act 1986
How courts handle requests to stop someone from managing a business
46F: Procedures relating to management banning order
Fair Trading Act 1986
Asking the court's permission to do something special
46G: Seeking leave of court
Fair Trading Act 1986
Commission can give staff permission to check and enforce rules about product safety and information
47K: Commission may authorise employees for monitoring and enforcement purposes
Fair Trading Act 1986
What employees can do to check if shops are following the rules
47L: Powers of authorised employees
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for taking legal action about money-related products and services
48P: Proceedings relating to financial products or financial services
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can't be fined twice for the same mistake with money stuff
48Q: No pecuniary penalty and fine for same conduct involving financial products or financial services
Fair Trading Act 1986
The rule about proving claims doesn't apply to special financial papers
48R: Unsubstantiated representations prohibition does not apply to financial markets disclosure
Fair Trading Act 1986
Some actions allowed by financial market rules don't break fair trading rules
48S: Certain conduct under Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 does not contravene various provisions of this Act
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules in this law apply no matter what, even if you make a different agreement
5C: No contracting out: general rule
Fair Trading Act 1986
Trading businesses can agree to different rules if it's fair
5D: No contracting out: exception for parties in trade
Fair Trading Act 1986
Don't make claims about things you're selling without proof
12A: Unsubstantiated representations
Fair Trading Act 1986
The court considers all the details when someone makes a claim without proof
12B: Court must have regard to certain matters
Fair Trading Act 1986
Only the Commerce Commission can take legal action for claims made without proof
12C: Limitation on commencement of proceedings in relation to unsubstantiated representations
Fair Trading Act 1986
Other laws might replace Section 12A for certain jobs
12D: Section 12A subject to other enactments
Fair Trading Act 1986
What happens if you get stuff you didn't ask for in the mail
21A: Liability of recipient of unsolicited goods
Fair Trading Act 1986
You don't have to pay for services you didn't ask for
21B: Liability of recipient of unsolicited services
Fair Trading Act 1986
You don't have to pay for things you didn't ask for
21C: Prohibition on asserting right to payment in respect of unsolicited goods or unsolicited services
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for unsolicited goods and services made by the Governor-General
21D: Regulations
Fair Trading Act 1986
Businesses selling online must tell you they're a business
28B: Disclosure of trader status on Internet
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for buying and selling: How to be fair when shopping or running a business
Fair Trading Act 1986
This part explains the rules for different ways of buying things
36A: Purpose of Part
Fair Trading Act 1986
Fair Trading Act 1986
What a layby sale is and how it works
36B: Meaning of layby sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for sellers when making a layby sale agreement
36C: Disclosure requirements relating to layby sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
When you buy something in parts, the shop looks after it until you finish paying
36E: Risk in goods
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can cancel a layby sale before taking the items home
36F: Cancellation of layby sale agreement by consumer
Fair Trading Act 1986
When a shop can stop your layby agreement
36G: Cancellation of layby sale agreement by supplier
Fair Trading Act 1986
What happens to your layby purchase if the shop goes broke?
36I: Bankruptcy, receivership, liquidation, or voluntary administration of supplier: completion of layby sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
What happens if a store goes out of business before you finish paying for something?
36J: Bankruptcy, receivership, or liquidation of supplier: consumer priority
Fair Trading Act 1986
Fair Trading Act 1986
What it means when a business tries to sell you things without you asking
36K: Meaning of uninvited direct sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for sellers when they make unexpected sales to you
36L: Disclosure requirements relating to uninvited direct sale agreements
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can cancel a sale if someone comes to your house to sell you something
36M: Cancellation of uninvited direct sale agreement by consumer
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for sellers who come to your home or work without invitation
36N: Enforcement of uninvited direct sale agreement by supplier
Fair Trading Act 1986
What happens when you cancel a door-to-door sale agreement
36O: Effect of cancellation of uninvited direct sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
What sellers must do when you cancel a door-to-door sale
36P: Supplier's obligations on cancellation of uninvited direct sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
What you need to do when you cancel a sale from a door-to-door salesperson
36Q: Consumer's obligations on cancellation of uninvited direct sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
Money rules when you cancel a surprise door-to-door sale
36R: Compensation on cancellation of uninvited direct sale agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules about financial products and when they don't have to follow all the usual rules
36S: Regulations
Fair Trading Act 1986
Fair Trading Act 1986
What is an extended warranty and who can offer it when you buy something?
36T: Meaning of extended warranty agreement and related definitions
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for sellers when offering extended warranties
36U: Disclosure requirements relating to extended warranty agreements
Fair Trading Act 1986
How to cancel an extended warranty and get your money back
36V: Cancellation of extended warranty agreement
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules about extended warranties can be made by the Governor-General
36W: Regulations
Fair Trading Act 1986
Fair Trading Act 1986
What some important words mean in this part of the law about buying and selling
36X: Definitions
Fair Trading Act 1986
This part explains who the rules about auctions apply to
36Y: Application of subpart
Fair Trading Act 1986
Each piece of property sold at an auction is its own separate deal
36Z: Each lot is separate contract of sale
Fair Trading Act 1986
How an auction starts and finishes, and what happens after
36ZA: Start and end of auction
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for joining an auction must be clearly shown to everyone taking part
36ZB: Notice to participants
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for buying things at auctions from businesses
36ZC: Vendors selling in trade
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules about sellers bidding on their own items at auctions
36ZD: Vendor bids
Fair Trading Act 1986
You can take back your bid before an auction finishes
36ZE: Bids may be withdrawn until end of auction
Fair Trading Act 1986
Auctioneers must give you your money and a sale report within a set time
36ZF: Account and payment of proceeds
Fair Trading Act 1986
What are infringement offences and how much do they cost?
40B: Infringement offence, etc, defined
Fair Trading Act 1986
What happens when someone is accused of breaking a minor rule
40C: Infringement offence alleged
Fair Trading Act 1986
The government can give you a written warning if they think you broke the rules
40D: Issue of infringement notice
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for giving you a notice if you break a Fair Trading rule
40E: Procedural requirements for infringement notices
Fair Trading Act 1986
The Commerce Commission gives money from fines to the government
40F: What Commission does with infringement fees
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules for handling smaller law-breaking cases
40H: Regulations relating to infringement offences
Fair Trading Act 1986
Rules to stop businesses from using unfair terms in their contracts with customers
26A: Unfair contract terms in standard form consumer contracts
Fair Trading Act 1986
The Commerce Commission can ask a court to decide if a contract term is unfair
46H: Application by Commission for declaration of unfair contract term
Privacy Act 2020
Organisations can refuse access to your personal information if it reveals trade secrets or harms business interests
52: Trade secret as reason for refusing access to personal information
Racing Industry Act 2020
You can't use certain names that might make people think you're connected to racing organisations
125: Restriction on use of certain names
Civil Aviation Act 2023
The Minister can let airlines work together on international flights if it helps the public.
199: Minister may authorise international carriage by air
Civil Aviation Act 2023
Some commerce rules don't apply to international flight contracts if they follow special approval rules
204: Application of Commerce Act 1986
Civil Aviation Act 2023
Rules for aviation companies to share information with the public
411: Regulations requiring information disclosure by specified aviation participants
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Making data more useful and accessible while promoting safety and innovation
Customer and Product Data Bill
A simple explanation of how this law wants to make it easier for you to control and share your information
Customer and Product Data Bill
Understanding the Big Picture: The Main Ideas Behind the Rules
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
When this law begins to apply to everyone
2: Commencement
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
This law helps you and businesses use data safely to improve services and products
3: Purpose
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
This part explains important words used in the law
5: Interpretation
Customer and Product Data Bill
The government must follow this law too
13: Act binds the Crown
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
You don't have to agree to data sharing to get a product
42: Authorisation must not be required as condition of providing product
Customer and Product Data Bill
Rules about how companies handle your information and products
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Rules for making the Customer and Product Data Act 2025 work
131: General regulations
Customer and Product Data Bill
Companies must create and follow rules about customer and product information
47: Data holders and accredited requestors must have customer data, product data, and action performance policies
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
This law explains how companies must handle your personal and product information when you or someone you trust asks for it
4: Overview
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Who is in charge of keeping important customer and product information
6: Data holder
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
What products are and what information about them is important
9: Product, product data, and designated product data
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Rules that explain how to follow the Customer and Product Data Act 2025
138: Standards
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Data holder must follow verified customer requests from approved requestors
19: Data holder must perform certain actions on accredited requestor’s request if customer’s authorisation is confirmed
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Companies must share specific product info if you ask nicely through a special system
22: Data holder must provide product data to any person
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Companies must check if you've allowed them to share your information before they do it
39: Authorisation must be confirmed
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Breaking the rules of an exemption is the same as breaking the original law
142: Effect of breach of term or condition of exemption
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Rules about what information can be shared and who can use it
107: Contents of designation regulations
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Rules for keeping and sharing customer and product information
32: Requirements for data holders in regulations or standards
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Rules about asking for, giving, and sharing information
Customer and Product Data Bill
Words and phrases are explained to help understand the law.
Customer and Product Data Bill
This section explains what happens during changes and how things are kept safe.
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Companies with data must follow rules when sharing or using it
31: Data holders must comply with requirements for requests, providing services, and making information available
Customer and Product Data Bill
A computer system that uses electricity to work with information
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
What's in the public list of companies that handle your information
126: Contents of register that is publicly available
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
You can't make deals to avoid following this law
143: No contracting out
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Minister must think carefully before making rules about sharing data
105: Minister must have regard to certain matters when recommending designation regulations
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
This law doesn't stop you from getting other kinds of help if someone breaks the rules
60: Other remedies or powers not limited
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Companies must do certain things you ask them to do with your information
18: Data holder must perform certain actions on customer’s request
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
The biggest fine you might have to pay if you break important data sharing rules
71: Maximum penalty (Tier 1)
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
What information a special letter about breaking a rule must include
65: What infringement notice must contain
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
When the court can make someone pay money for breaking rules
70: When High Court may make pecuniary penalty order
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Big fines for companies and people who break data rules
72: Maximum penalty (Tier 2)
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
How the court decides your penalty amount for breaking the Customer and Product Data Act
73: Considerations for court in determining pecuniary penalty
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
When you break a rule, the court can officially say you did something wrong
75: Declaration of contravention
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Legal document that helps people affected by broken rules get money more easily
76: Purpose and effect of declaration of contravention
Customer and Product Data Bill
Rules about paying people back if they were treated unfairly
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
A judge can tell people to stop breaking rules or to follow rules about customer and product information
80: Court may grant injunctions
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
When a court can make someone follow the rules
82: When court may grant performance injunctions
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
The District Court can handle certain cases about customer and product data
93: Jurisdiction of District Court
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
You must join a group that helps solve problems if the government says so
49: Data holder or accredited requestor must be member of dispute resolution scheme (if scheme has been prescribed)
Customer and Product Data Bill
Customer and Product Data Bill
Companies can't punish you if they break data rules
63: Prohibition against taking certain actions against customer
Customer and Product Data Bill
Breaking data rules could lead to a fine
48: Contravention of policy requirement is infringement offence
Customer and Product Data Bill
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
The chief executive makes sure data rules are followed and helps people understand them
95: Chief executive’s functions
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Customer and Product Data Bill
Rules for people who can ask for customer information
34: Requirements for accredited requestors in regulations or standards
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
This law changes parts of another law about privacy
149: Principal Act
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Boss must follow rules before making new rules
139: Chief executive must comply with requirements before making standard
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
New data holders must tell the boss about themselves before rules start
124: Persons that will become data holders when designation comes into force must provide information to chief executive
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Adding a new law to an important list of laws
148: Schedule 1 amended
Customer and Product Data Bill
Ways to defend yourself if you're accused of breaking this law
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Ways to defend yourself if you accidentally break a rule in this law
89: General defences for person in contravention
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Minister must consider customers and businesses when making new rules
132: Minister must have regard to certain matters when recommending regulations under section 131
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
Limit on fines for doing the same wrong thing many times
74: Limit on pecuniary penalty for multiple contraventions of same or substantially similar nature
Customer and Product Data Act 2025
About this project
What is this project?
How do we do this?
Why is the law written like it is?
Should we use AI for this?
Is this information the actual law?
You can talk to Community Law or Citizen's Advice Bureau about your rights.
Remember that AI can make mistakes, and just reading the law isn't enough to understand how it could be used in court.